Symfony Profiler

App\Entity\MediaTranslation {#1385
  -id: 5411
  -title: "Greenhouse effect"
  -description: """
    <p>The Greenhouse Effect is a natural phenomenon caused by the presence of certain molecules in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere (water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, Methane...)</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>The Earth&#39;s surface is heated solely by solar energy (geothermal sources are 10,000 times less important).&nbsp; Half of this solar energy is captured by the Earth, while the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere and, to a small extent, reflected back into space. The Earth, thus heated, itself emits radiation, but in the infrarouge.&nbsp;&nbsp; The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb&nbsp; primarily these infrared wavelengths, and re-emit 80% of this energy back toward the Earth. It is this <strong>energy trap </strong>that we call the Greenhouse Effect.&nbsp; It is responsible for permitting water in the liquid&nbsp; state to exist on our planet, and so it favored the development of Life on Earth:&nbsp; without the Greenhouse Effect, ground temperature would be around -18&deg;C.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>But human activities are beginning to disturb this equilibrium by increasing the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases, most notably Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2 </sub>) and Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>).</p>
    """
  -legends: """
    No greenhouse effect\r\n
    Natural greenhouse effect\r\n
    Enhanced greenhouse effect\r\n
    Solar\nradiation\r\n
    Radiation\nreflected\nback to space\r\n
    Absorbed\nradiation\r\n
    Solar energy\nabsorbed by\nthe Earth\r\n
    Radiated infrared\nemitted by the\nheated ground\r\n
    Infrared radiation\nabsorbed by the\ngreenhouse gases or\nre-emitted to space\r\n
    Infrared radiation\nre-emitted back to\nthe Earth by the\ngreenhouse\ngas molecules\r\n
    Solar energy reflected\nback into space\r\n
    Solar energy absorbed\nby the Earth\r\n
    Infrared radiation\nemitted by\nthe Earth
    """
  -goals: """
    <ul>\r\n
    \t<li>To insist that the Greenhouse Effect is a natural phenomenon that has allowed the appearance of Life on Earth.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>To distinguish the electromagnetic characteristics of radiations. Those from the Sun are primarily in the high infrared, the visible and the near ultraviolet. Those emitted by the Earth are in the low infrared. Molecules of greenhouse gases are little affected by the former.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>To mention the certitude of climate change resulting from the release of greenhouse gases. (Source: Work done by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) between 1990 and 1997 (Kyoto). To also recognize the uncertainty about the extent and the rapidity of the changes.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>To remind people of the call of the Kyoto Protocol: 170 countries have agreed to, by 2012, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels 5% lower than those existing in 1990. In the he Paris agreement (12 December 2015)&nbsp;all countries agreed to work to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and given the grave risks, to strive for 1.5 degrees Celsius.</li>\r\n
    </ul>
    """
  -more: """
    <p>The atmosphere is composed of 78% Nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>), 20.9% Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>), 0.9% Argon (Ar) and, in much more diffuse quantities, <strong>greenhouse gases</strong>,&nbsp; among which we should make note of, in particular, water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O), Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>).&nbsp; Note that we are talking here about gases of natural origin.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Sunlight, the principal source of energy for the Earth, is made up of a wide spectrum of <strong>wavelengths</strong>, principally situated in the <strong>infrared</strong>, <strong>visible</strong> and <strong>ultraviolet</strong> ranges.&nbsp; The wavelengths we call &quot;visible&quot; pass through the atmosphere and come to warm up the Earth.&nbsp; The Earth, heated by this radiation (and, to a much lesser extent, by its own internal energy) radiates in its turn, but solely in the infrared. The greenhouse gases have the property of being able to absorb these infrared wavelengths. In trapping this energy, the &nbsp;gases not only prevent the energy being lost to space, but also re-radiate a large part of the absorbed energy back to the Earth.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Without this <strong>energy trap</strong>, the average temperature on Earth would be -18&deg;C.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>But human activities considerably modify the pre-existing concentrations of the gases, upsetting the balance of energy:</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <ul>\r\n
    \t<li>+30% in two centuries for Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). As a result of the combustion of fossil fuels and of deforestation,&nbsp; the Earth&nbsp; is no longer in a position of being able to assure the equilibrium of the carbon cycle. The excess can be found stored in the atmosphere and so contributes to an increase in the Greenhouse Effect.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>+10% in 30 years for Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), mainly coming from livestock farming and agriculture (digestive processes in living animals, rice paddies), but also from decomposition of garbage.</li>\r\n
    </ul>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>In addition, new gases produced in industrial activities aggravate this phenomenon.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Chlorofluorcarbons&nbsp; (CFC&#39;s) and Hydroflurocarbons (HFC&#39;s), even when released in very small quantities, are between 1000 and 10,000 times more effective as greenhose gases than is CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Since the 1990&#39;s , there has been a genuine realization , now recognized by all (scientists, politicians) that human activities influence the concentrations of greenhouse gases. &nbsp;The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&nbsp; (<strong>IPCC</strong>) , sponsored by the United Nations,&nbsp; was created in 1990 to evaluate, in an objective and transparent manner, the risk posed by <strong>climate change</strong> caused by an increase in the Greenhouse Effect. The Rio Conference (1992) plus the <strong>Kyoto Protocol,</strong> adopted by 160 countries in 1997, and by 87 more since that date, are international measures aimed at reducing the sources of atmospheric pollution.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>The most striking consequence is the Global Warming of the Earth, estimated by scientists to be between 1.4&deg;C and 5.8&deg;C.&nbsp; The melting of glaciers and of the polar ice fields would cause a rise in sea level&nbsp; estimated to be between 9 and 88 cm, and a modification of ocean currents which would result in shifting of climate zones.&nbsp; Ecosystems are in danger because they certainly would not have the time to adapt to such rapid climatic &nbsp;changes&nbsp; (a scale of decades today, as compared to hundreds of&nbsp; thousands of years in previous eras).</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p><strong>What should we do to reduce this atmospheric pollution?</strong></p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <ul>\r\n
    \t<li>Economize our use of energy: the combustion of a gallon of diesel fuel or the production of 4 kilowatt-hours of electricity &nbsp;releases 10&nbsp;kg of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>Recycle used materials: 100 kg of aluminum, 6 tons of glass or 400 kg of paper releases a ton of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere.&nbsp; At a much reduced level, the production of 5 aluminum or steel&nbsp; cans or 7 glass bottles releases 1 kg of CO<sub>2 </sub>&nbsp;into the atmosphere.</li>\r\n
    </ul>
    """
  -scenario: null
  -features: "<p><strong>Click&nbsp;</strong>on&nbsp;the percentages to get information.</p>"
  -publishedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1431302400 {#1382
    date: 2015-05-11 00:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -preventIndexForSearch: false
  #locale: "en"
  #translatable: App\Entity\Media {#1308 …}
  #status: "published"
  #createdAt: DateTime @1228863600 {#1383
    date: 2008-12-09 23:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  #updatedAt: DateTime @1719847323 {#1384
    date: 2024-07-01 15:22:03.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
}

[
  0 => "internal_api_media"
  "internal_api_media_options" => [
    "withBaseNodeName" => true
  ]
]