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App\Entity\MediaTranslation {#1385 -id: 6821 -title: "Geological clock" -description: """ <p>The Earth was formed almost 4.54 billion years ago. This figure is to be placed in comparison with other figures such as:</p>\r\n \r\n <ul>\r\n \t<li>13.6 billion years: estimated age of the universe.</li>\r\n \t<li>4.57 billion years: Sun's age (which is half of his entire life).</li>\r\n </ul>\r\n \r\n <p>The history of the Earth is divided as follows:</p>\r\n \r\n <ul>\r\n \t<li>4 "aeons" or "eons" that last between 540 Myr (Myr = million years) and 2 Byr (Byr = billion years).</li>\r\n \t<li>Each aeon is subdivided into three or four "eras" of a few hundred million years (> 100 Myr).</li>\r\n \t<li>An era divides three or four "periods" of a few tens of millions of years (> 10 Myr)</li>\r\n \t<li>The periods are divided into "epochs" whose unit of time is the million years (> 1 Myr).</li>\r\n </ul>\r\n \r\n <p>The animation does not illustrate the epochs and only the periods of the last aeon (Phanerozoic) are represented.</p>\r\n \r\n <p>The main educational objective of this animation is to represent the history of the Earth in the form of a geological clock to reveal the order of magnitude of the durations and the proportions. Indeed, our usual perception of time does not allow us to correctly grasp the gigantic geological durations at work here. Thus, a mass extinction that appears punctually in the illustration spreads in reality over thousands or even millions of years. Such an event remains however very brutal on a geological time scale.</p>\r\n \r\n <p>If the age of the Earth is reduced to a 12 hour clock, then the first three aeons (called Precambrian) occupy more than 10 hours, the Phanerozoic is only the last 90 minutes and the appearance of hominids the last 30 seconds. Homo sapiens only appears in the last two seconds, at 11:59:58!</p>\r\n \r\n <p>The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has in its missions the establishment of a geological time scale. This scale is available at http://www.stratigraphy.org/. It is updated according to the discoveries of paleontologists.</p> """ -legends: """ Aeon\r\n Era\r\n Period\r\n Hadean\r\n Archean\r\n NEO-\r\n MESO-\r\n PALEO-\r\n EO-\r\n Proterozoic\r\n Phaneroizoic\r\n Paleoproterozoic\r\n Mesoproterozoic\r\n Neoproterozoic\r\n PALEOZOIC\r\n MESOZOIC\r\n CENOZOIC\r\n Cambrian\r\n Ordovician\r\n Silurian\r\n Devonian\r\n Carboniferous\r\n Permian\r\n Triassic\r\n Jurassic\r\n Cretaceous\r\n Paleogene\r\n Neogene\r\n Quaternary\r\n \r\n Ma\r\n Ga\r\n \r\n Fauna\r\n Flora\r\n Early Life\r\n Events\r\n Hominidae\r\n Dinosaurs\r\n Ediacaran\nbiota\r\n Birds\r\n Vertebrates\r\n Fishes\r\n Terrestrial\nanimals\r\n Terrestrial plants\r\n Flower plants\r\n Photosynthesis\r\n First\neukaryotic\ncells\r\n First\nprokaryotic\ncells\r\n Multicellular life\r\n Unicellular life\r\n Formation of\nthe Moon\r\n Late Heavy\nBombardment\n(LHB)\r\n Oxygen crisis\r\n Snow ball Earth\r\n Cambrian\nexplosion\r\n Mammals\r\n Sexual reproduction\r\n Mass extinction\r\n Glaciations\r\n Ordovician-Silurian crisis (O-S)\r\n Late devonien crisis (Late D) \r\n Permian-Triassic crisis (P-Tr)\r\n Triassic-Jurassic crisis (Tr-J)\r\n Cretaceous-Paleogene crisis (K-Pg)\r\n Pongola\r\n Huronian\r\n Cryogenian\r\n Andean-Saharian\r\n Karoo\r\n Quaternary\r\n \r\n 4.6 Ga\r\n 4.0 Ga\r\n 2.5 Ga\r\n 1.0 Ga\r\n 541 Ma\r\n Age of \ndinosaurs\r\n Ediacaran biota\r\n Snow ball Earth\r\n Explosion of\nBiodiversity\r\n 1.5 Ga\r\n 2.0 Ga\r\n 3.0 Ga\r\n 3.5 Ga\r\n 4.5 Ga """ -goals: """ <ul>\r\n \t<li>To define the terms "Aeon" (or "Eon"), "Era", "Period" and their interweaving.</li>\r\n \t<li>To teach the orders of magnitude of durations.</li>\r\n \t<li>To put the history of humanity in context.</li>\r\n \t<li>To create a timeline.</li>\r\n </ul> """ -more: """ <ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hadean</strong>: First <strong>aeon</strong> (550 Myr). The protoplanet Earth has just been formed by accretion. For tens of millions of years, a shower of meteorites completes its formation. The Earth is only an ocean of magma at more than 2 000 °C. The initial atmosphere is rich in carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) and water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) but totally deprived of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>). The atmospheric pressure is 10 times the current one. The rotation is fast (one day is worth 6 hours). We are very far from the conditions of life and this era is aptly named (Hades is the master of the underworld of Greek mytology). It is at the beginning of the Hadean, 100 Myr after the birth of the protoplanet "Earth", that the <strong>Moon</strong> is formed. According to a theory that is still debated, it would be the result of a gigantic collision with a planetoid named Theia. However, the cooling is fast and in less than 200 million years, the atmospheric pressure drops and the rains form the first <strong>oceans</strong>. A terrestrial proto-crust is formed but the rocks will merge again during the <strong>Great Late Bombardment</strong> (GBT) that ends the Hadean aeon 4 billion years ago.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Archaean</strong>: Second aeon (1.5 Byr). The GBT ends. The Earth is covered with liquid water and a totally sterile primitive continental crust has formed. Despite intense magmatic activity and the absence of oxygen, the conditions of life seem to be reunited as evidenced by 3.8 Byr microfossils discovered in ancient rocks of Greenland and Canada. These are prokaryotic (non-nucleus) <strong>cyanobacterial</strong> cells, which accumulate in successive layers in the form of <strong>stromatolites</strong>. It takes another few hundred million years for the metabolism of these cyanobacteria to evolve into oxygen-producing <strong>photosynthesis</strong>. This will profoundly alter the marine and atmospheric environment of the Earth. This billion years of photosynthesis is one of the causes of the <strong>great</strong> <strong>oxidation</strong> that closes the Archaean 2.5 billion years ago.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Proterozoic:</strong> Third and longest aeon (almost 2 Byr). It has been hundreds of millions of years since cyanobacteria fixed carbon and released photosynthetic oxygen. When the large oceanic oxygen and ocean sinks were saturated, the excess oxygen had no choice but to escape into the atmosphere. The oceans have become deacidified, the sky is blue and a layer of protective ozone is forming. The greenhouse effect is attenuated which causes at the beginning of the proterozoic aeon the most important <strong>glaciation </strong>ever recorded: the "Huronian" glaciation which spreads over 300 million years. The great oxidation is also called "oxygen crisis". It must be understood that oxygen is a poison for the anaerobic organisms of the time. This oxygen has therefore caused the emergence of new organisms (aerobic) and allowed the appearance of a new chemistry. <strong>Multicellular organisms</strong> are appearing in the oceans as early as 2.1 billion years ago. However, it is necessary to wait for the last period of the neo-Proterozoic (the Ediacarien) to see emerge an astonishing biodiversity: The <strong>fauna of the Ediacara</strong>.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Phanerozoic</strong>: The last and shortest of the four aeons (541 Myr). It is the one in which we live and its main characteristic is the <strong>explosion of biodiversity</strong>. The abundance of life observed for the first time at the very end of the Proterozoic (Ediacaran) accelerates to the Cambrian with what paleontologists call the <strong>Cambrian explosion</strong>. Biodiversity is first underwater and it is only in the Silurian and then in the Devonian, that the flora and fauna adapt to conquer the terrestrial coastline. The dinosaurs ruled much later, during the Mesozoic (more than 150 million years after the outflow of Tiktaalik to the Devonian). The Phanerozoic is the aeon we know best because the geological layers and fossils are better preserved. The three previous aeons are sometimes merged into a single super-aeon named <strong>Precambrian</strong>.</li>\r\n </ul>\r\n \r\n <p>Sitography:</p>\r\n \r\n <ul>\r\n \t<li>International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS): http://stratigraphy.org/</li>\r\n \t<li>Fauna of the Ediacara: www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s4/explosion.biodiversite.html</li>\r\n </ul> """ -scenario: null -features: "<p>Click on an eon to enlarge.</p>" -publishedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1525910400 {#1382 : 2018-05-10 00:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00) } -preventIndexForSearch: false #locale: "en" #translatable: App\Entity\Media {#1308 …} #status: "published" #createdAt: DateTime @1512674401 {#1383 : 2017-12-07 19:20:01.0 UTC (+00:00) } #updatedAt: DateTime @1704048972 {#1384 : 2023-12-31 18:56:12.0 UTC (+00:00) } } |
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