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App\Entity\MediaTranslation {#1393
  -id: 4795
  -title: "Communicating vessels"
  -description: """
    <p>The surface of a liquid is always horizontal.<br />\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    When several vessels connect with each other, they are communicating vessels. The surface of the liquid that fills each of the containers is the same level everywhere. &nbsp;<br />\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    An imbalance in levels is observed if:</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <ul>\r\n
    \t<li>The containers are not interconnected or obstruction (valve) prevents the flow of liquid.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>The pressure is not the same in each container (this is the case if a container is stopped).</li>\r\n
    </ul>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>If one of the containers has a very small diameter, then capillary action may significantly alter the level of the liquid.</p>
    """
  -legends: """
    Bottle\r\n
    Communicating vessels
    """
  -goals: """
    <ul>\r\n
    \t<li>To understand that the surface of water is always horizontal regardless of the shape of the container.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>To introduce the notion of atmospheric pressure.</li>\r\n
    \t<li>To understand the principle of communicating vessels and how to apply the principle to water towers or locks.</li>\r\n
    </ul>
    """
  -more: """
    <p>The principle of communicating vessels is related to the concept of <strong>pressure</strong>.<br />\r\n
    For simplicity, the pressure distributed over the surface of a tube results from all the forces caused by the liquid molecules and the outside air. A molecule of the liquid is subjected to a force from all of the molecules located on either side of it. Molecules to the right push to the left, those to its left push right, the lower ones push upward and the top ones push downward. A molecule is in equilibrium if all the forces it undergoes cancel each other (the overall resultant force is zero).<br />\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    <strong>The pressure in a liquid depends on the depth.</strong><br />\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    A molecule on the surface of the liquid is only affected by the air pressure above (atmospheric pressure) and that caused by neighboring molecules.<br />\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    If the surface of the liquid in a container is not horizontal, two molecules at the same level would be covered by a different heights of the liquid. &nbsp;They would then undergo a different pressure, dependent on the height of the liquid. The pressure in the liquid is not balanced which would cause the movement of molecules. Equilibrium is reached when the liquid surface is perfectly <strong>horizontal</strong>.</p>
    """
  -scenario: """
    <p>The topic of communicating vessels is perfectly suited for an experimental approach. Here is a sample lesson plan promoting the process of investigation and experimentation.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>duration: one day in elementary school, half day at school.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p><strong>Step 1</strong>: State the problem, question.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>How can you empty water from an aquarium (or other container) with a hose without tipping the container?</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>The teacher makes the classroom experience (&quot;siphoning&quot;) with two bins / buckets and a hose (possibly translucent). Material must be clean and the water potable (avoid the aquarium of the class!)</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>A basin of water (drinking water) is on the desk while the other, empty, is placed lower on a chair. The hose is immersed in the top tank and hanging over the bottom container. The teacher draws water to prime the siphon.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>This experiment is the catalyst that should allow the start of a discussion.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>It is also possible to ask the class about the operating principle of a water tower or locks (see the corresponding animation eduMedia: <a href="../en/a215-water-tower" target="_blank">Water tower</a> and <a href="../en/a227-locks" target="_blank">locks</a>). But the siphoning experiment is most effective as it can be done in class, and the visual effect is striking.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p><strong>Step 2</strong>: Investigation, hypothesis</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>It is difficult for the class to find explanations, but this phase of investigation is the opportunity to document the assumptions made by the class. It makes sense to distinguish quickly the terms &#39;level&#39; and &#39;height&#39; of water.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p><strong>Step 3</strong>: Experiments</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>The experiment with bins can be resumed in the classroom with a change of parameters:</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Can I make the water go up by siphoning the same way, sucking to start?</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>What happens if I placed the bottom tank at the same level?</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>What happens if I tilt one or both of the bins?</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Ideally, it is desirable for the children to manipulate the experiment (outside!). An easier assemby is possible: It consists of two cut plastic bottles connected by a piece of flexible tubing. The connection is easier to achieve if we keep the portion of the bottle with the cap, and the cap is pierced to accept the tube.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>You need an assembly for every two or three students.</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Sharing of tasks: take turns, one student holds the two containers, the other fills with water and records the results (drawings, explanations, film ...) by varying the following parameters: varying heights, slopes, long tube, short tube, cap (pinch) the pipe ...</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p><strong>Step 4</strong>: Analysis of results (support drawings)</p>\r\n
    \r\n
    <p>Back in class, students analyze their results. This is the time to explain the experience of &quot;siphoning&quot;, and some applications like the water tower and the windows.</p>
    """
  -features: "<p><strong>Click </strong>on the bottle or the valve to activate the animation.\n<strong>Click </strong>on the square to make it slide.</p>"
  -publishedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1431302400 {#1390
    date: 2015-05-11 00:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -preventIndexForSearch: false
  #locale: "en"
  #translatable: App\Entity\Media {#1308 …}
  #status: "published"
  #createdAt: DateTime @1301522400 {#1391
    date: 2011-03-30 22:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  #updatedAt: DateTime @1704313960 {#1392
    date: 2024-01-03 20:32:40.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
}

[
  0 => "internal_api_media"
  "internal_api_media_options" => [
    "withBaseNodeName" => true
  ]
]